After Boniface's death in 1303, Philip succeeded in having the seat of the papacy (office of the pope) moved from Rome, Italy, to Avignon, France. The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria Even if you're enemies in the Franco-Prussian War, for example, France owed Germany some reparations, but France simply went to the private banks, borrowed the money, and paid Germany. (February 22, 2023). The third group from North Africa were Muslim Arabs and Berbers (wandering tribes) called Moors. In 1534 he explored the Saint Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China. After retaking Jerusalem from the Muslims during the First Crusade, the Christians began establishing Crusader kingdoms around the Mediterranean Sea. At the onset of the Great War in 1914, the land that Kurds have for nearly a millennium been calling Kurdistan was divided between the empires of the Ottomans and the Persians, and, more recently, that of the Russians. Philip was convinced, however, that God had chosen him for a special mission to defend the Catholic faith. By the mid-1500s, between 350,000 and 400,000 Moriscos were living in the Spanish provinces. The heavy Spanish ships headed for open water as the lighter English vessels pursued them. Publisher's summary: Confraternities were the most common form of organized religious life in medieval and early modern Europe. He led an army of 37,000 men against a Spanish army of equal numbers. In the course of the argumentation the actual history of state formation and the gradual emergence of the idea of the state are . 2. Trait 2: ++10% Wood Gathering Speed. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. After the Portuguese defeated the Spanish in a war over the throne in 1385, John established a political alliance with England under the Treaty of Windsor (1386) that has endured to the present day. Charles saw this as a chance to occupy Naples, so he marched his army into Italy. Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . Nevertheless, he did come upon a continent that was then unknown. Most reforms took place in Castile, the larger and stronger of the two kingdoms. Prominent members of the royal family and the court frequently played roles in these productions. Encyclopedia.com. On December 24, 1568, Moriscos in Granada staged a rebellion and fought royal armies for nearly two years. Ferdinand and Isabella ascended to the throne as the Catholic Monarchs of Spain in 1474. Ferdinand feared that the Habsburgs would influence Charles to place their own interests above the needs of Spain. He enjoyed delivering lectures on history and politics. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. France (Franks) The territory which today forms France had its earliest periods of human habitation in various Early Cultures.The modern nation state emerged from what had been the Celtic territory known to the Romans as as Gaul or Gallia. King Louis XII granted Francis the duchy of Valois, created from the vast estates of the house of Orlans. Francis had grown up in the court of King Louis XII and was called the dauphin. Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. From 1609 until 1614, between 300,000 and 350,000 Moriscos were forced to leave Spain. These requests raised a question about rights to sea routes. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. Many of the natives near these garrisons were forced to convert to Christianity. In 1492 Queen Isabella, the monarch of Spain, commissioned Columbus to prove he could find the western route. By the mid-eighteenth century, virtually all of the world, including the continents of the Americas, became known to Europeans. Protestant leaders looked to the queen's half-sister, Elizabeth, as a possible Protestant replacement. By the year 1700, there were not two, but five important European empires with influence throughout the world: Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. The plan called for the Armada to sail from Lisbon, Portugal, into the English Channel. In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). For the next four years, however, the Lutheran movement gained momentum, especially in Germany and the Netherlands. The merchants of India were immediately suspicious of this highly organized expedition from Europe. An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). Henry is now considered the true English Renaissance prince. In 1071 Muslim Turks had seized Jerusalemthe center of the Holy Land and a city considered sacred to Jews, Muslims, and Christianswhen they conquered the Byzantine Empire (the eastern part of the former Roman Empire, based in Constantinople, which is now Istanbul, Turkey). Previously, Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the pope with the title "Defender of the Faith." Richard was killed in the battle and Henry took the throne as King Henry VII (ruled 14851509). He took complete control of Naples by 1504. In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). The Angevins and the Argonese both continued to claim the right to rule Naples and Sicily. This victory inaugurated the most brilliant era in Portuguese history. The young boy learned the Spanish and Italian languages, and he spent his time reading mythology, history, and literature and admiring art. Unable to capture Paris by force, Henry embraced Catholicism in 1593 and entered the city peacefully the following year. In 1492, after conquering this last outpost of Moorish rule in western Europe, they annexed Granada to Castile. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). Nevertheless, his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). In these lands Europeans could find exotic merchandise and foods that had never been known in Europe. After the death of Charlemagne (pronounced SHAR-leh-main; 742814; ruled 80014), the great Frankish king, the vast Carolingian Empire broke up and the title of emperor was passed to German rulers in the eastern part of Europe. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. Although hostilities ended for a time, by 1551 the German princes had found another ally in the new king of France, Henry II (see "France" section previously in this chapter). He also invaded Provence, a region in southeast France, and areas of northern France. In the process, he helped bring the Italian Renaissance to France. In 1620 Frederick lost the throne of Bohemia (he was nicknamed the "Winter King" because he ruled for only one winter) and was stripped of all his territories in the Holy Roman Empire. The next king, Louis XI (14231483; ruled 146183), set France on a course that eventually destroyed the It helped shape world history as a whole, by giving rise to early forms of representative government. While Charles was securing his empire in Western Europe, his military generalscalled the conquistadorswere winning tremendous lands and wealth in the Americas. When the Armada began moving up the English Channel in early August, the English main fleet took advantage of a favorable wind and made three assaults on the Spanish ships. In the 1300s the Catalans had been given the privilege of taxing themselves and voting subsidies (additional funds) for the crown only if they wanted to do so. In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, was named Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1558. Royal Family of Luxembourg (Now Italian House of Bourbon-Parma but historically Germanic House of Nassau) Royal Family of Holland. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Edward was a talented military leader, but his weaknesses were laziness, cruelty, and a hesitancy to call meetings of the Parliament. The Jews were expelled and went mainly to North Africa. The execution of the Catholic queen was a signal to Philip that he must seize the throne of England. This policy continued for more than twenty years. The Christians were trying to recapture the Holy Land (called Palestine at the time; the territory is now in parts of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt), which they considered sacred because it was the place where Jesus of Nazareth founded Christianity. 15281576). Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. While Spanish forces were defeating the Ottomans, Philip was contending with the Revolt of the Netherlands, which broke out in 1566 (see "Netherlands" in Chapter 4). He was not interested in intellectual affairs, though his mother, Margaret Beaufort (14431509), countess of Richmond and Derby, did provide patronage for In 1441 an expedition returned from the Rio de Ouro region of Africa with a cargo of captured slaves, thus beginning the African slave trade, which continued into the nineteenth century. Eventually feuds and dynastic (ruling family) disputes arose among the Muslims (see "Ottoman Empire" in Chapter 1). James could not prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain. Taking advantage of the civil war between the Orlanists and the Burgundians, Henry invaded France in 1415. Q. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. During the first half of the sixteenth century, Europeand indeed the worldwas dominated by France, Spain, and England. The crowning of Charles as king of Spain was the climax of a bitter dispute that resulted from the marriage contract between Ferdinand and Isabella. Much of the wealth seized from the religious houses was spent on warfare. Also the Christian nations of Europe had long been devoted to converting the rest of the world to Christianity. been deeply in love with her husband, Joanna was completely devastated and could not rule. . He gained his release in March 1526 by agreeing to relinquish all claims to Italy and by giving up the duchies of Burgundy, Flanders (now part of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region in northern France). He began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). He theorized that one did not need to sail east for a year to reach the Indies. The group Young Italy advocated for. Edward ruled England for twelve more years, until his unexpected death in 1483. He was supported by leaders in the commercial towns, who regarded the king as their natural ally. In 1485 Henry's forces defeated Richard's armies at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Between 10,000 and 14,000 Frenchmen died, and many others were taken prisoner, including Francis himself. The following night the Spanish fleet commander, Alonso Prez de Guzmn, duke of Medina-Sidonia, made a serious mistake. Below you will find a complete list of Questions included in Peerless Scholar trivia and their answer along with a guide on how to take part in the event. During his reign classical learning continued to dominate education and literature. Charlemagne's Rise to Power. Below the lords were vassals (knights), who held smaller amounts of land awarded to them by lords. On March 30, 1492, heeding the advice of Torquemada, the king and queen ordered all Jews to leave Spanish territory by July 30. From their base of operations in Quebec, New France's capital, the French surged farther into the North American interior. popular route to China and the Spice Islands. Mary was a Catholic who had been driven from Scotland by Protestants. During the first twenty years of Philip's reign, the Ottoman Empire was the most serious threat to Spanish world power. Meme Explained: This meme refers to the fact that by definition of Sun Tzu, a Chinese General, Strategist, Phillosopher and the author of the famous book, "the art of war", a kingdom once destroyed, cannot rise again to what it used to be. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake (c. 15401596) launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. What Kingdom important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones ( 15731652 ) highly! 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